Nuevos y viejos rostros de la exclusión sociolaboral. Poblaciones y situaciones para la acción socioeducativa

La exclusión sociolaboral, tras la pandemia, ha supuesto en la comunidad iberoamericana un reto para entidades y profesionales de la Educación Social. Este estudio analiza las poblaciones y situaciones prioritarias atendidas por entidades socioeducativas de Brasil, Colombia, España y México, enfatizando en los viejos y nuevos rostros de la inserción a partir de las circunstancias sociales, sanitarias o laborales percibidas por el personal profesional de la acción socioeducativa. Se ha utilizado una metodología mixta conformada por encuesta (N=109) y entrevistas grupales (N=17), lo que ha permitido una mejor descripción y comprensión del fenómeno, a partir de un muestreo intencional de profesionales vinculados a programas socioeducativos en cada país. Los principales resultados indican que 1) las poblaciones y situaciones atendidas mayoritariamente han sido las personas jóvenes y familias con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo, con gran representatividad femenina;2) se han agudizado las problemáticas de salud mental, precarización y ruptura de los proyectos de vida, con complejidades de conciliación y sostenibilidad familiar;3) han emergido necesarias nuevas competencias como el teletrabajo y la alfabetización digital, que han implicado la incorporación de adaptaciones en los programas de las entidades;4) las entidades atendieron escasamente a personas adultas prejubiladas, aunque sí trabajaron con personas paradas de larga duración;5) se ha presentado una baja atención de las personas enfermas, dependientes o con diversidad funcional;y 6) en España y Colombia ha existido una mayor atención a las personas migrantes y las personas privadas de libertad. Poblaciones que, en general, tienen baja presencia en los programas. Entre las conclusiones y recomendaciones se considera prioritaria la atención comunitaria y especializada promocionando la educación para la salud (especialmente salud mental) y acompañamiento en proyectos de vida. Se recomienda que los/as educadoras/es sociales sean agentes de coordinación intersectorial entre los entornos, que acompañen los proyectos e itinerarios sociolaborales.Alternate :Post-pandemic social and labor exclusion has been challenging for Ibero-American social education institutions and professionals. This study analyzes the populations and situations served by socio-educational institutions in Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and Spain. Emphasis was placed on the old and new characteristics of insertion based on the social, health and labor circumstances perceived by social educators. A mixed methodology was applied that consisted of applying a survey (N=109) and conducting group interviews (N=17) to better describe and understand the phenomenon. A purposive sample of professionals linked to national socio-educational programs was selected. The results show that: 1) mostly female youth and families of the lowest socioeconomic level need priority attention;2) mental health has worsened, life projects are precarious or frustrated, and family reconciliation has become unsustainable;3) new skills have emerged, such as teleworking and digital literacy, which meant the adaptation of people to their programs;4) early-retired adults received little attention, although people with long-term unemployment did receive attention;5) sick, dependent or disabled people received little attention;and 6) in Spain and Colombia, migrants receive more attention, while people deprived of liberty have a minimal presence in social programs. It is concluded that community and specialized care is a priority. Promoting health education (especially mental health) and accompaniment in life projects. Likewise, social educators are agents of intersectoral coordination in projects and socio-labor itineraries.Alternate :A exclusão social e trabalhista, após a pandemia, foi um desafio para entidades e profissionais da Educação Social na comunidade ibero-americana. Este estudo analisa as populações e situações prioritárias atendidas por entidades socioeducativas n Brasil, Colômbia, Espanha e México, enfatizando as velhas e novas faces da inserção a partir das circunstâncias sociais, de saúde ou trabalhistas percebidas pelos profissionais da área socioeducativa. A metodologia é mista, composta por levantamento de pesquisa (N=109) e entrevistas grupais (N=17), que nos permitiram uma melhor descrição e compreensão do fenômeno, a partir da triangulação concomitante com uma amostragem intencional de profissionais vinculados a programas socioeducativos em nível nacional.Os principais resultados indicam: 1) as populações e situações de cuidado prioritárias são jovens e famílias de nível socioeconômico mais baixo, com grande representação feminina;2) há agravamento dos problemas de saúde mental, precariedade e ruptura dos projetos de vida, com complexidades de conciliação e sustentabilidade familiar;3) surgem novas competências, como o teletrabalho e a literacia digital, que levaram à adaptação das entidades nos seus programas;4) as entidades pouco cuidavam dos aposentados precocemente, embora trabalhassem com desempregados de longa duração;5) há baixa atenção às pessoas doentes, dependentes ou funcionalmente diversas;e 6) Na Espanha e na Colômbia há maior atenção aos migrantes e as pessoas privadas de liberdade têm baixa presença nos programas. Entre as conclusões e recomendações, considera-se prioritário o atendimento comunitário e especializado, promovendo a educação para a saúde (especialmente a saúde mental) e o apoio em projetos de vida. Recomendase que os educadores sociais sejam agentes de articulação intersetorial entre ambientes, acompanhando projetos e itinerários sociolaborais.

Surveillance of the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Europe: Longitudinal Trend Analyses.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted Europe, resulting in a high caseload and deaths that varied by country. The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has breached the borders of Europe. Public health surveillance is necessary to inform policy and guide leaders. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to provide advanced surveillance metrics for COVID-19 transmission that account for weekly shifts in the pandemic, speed, acceleration, jerk, and persistence, to better understand countries at risk for explosive growth and those that are managing the pandemic effectively. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal trend analysis and extracted 62 days of COVID-19 data from public health registries. We used an empirical difference equation to measure the daily number of cases in Europe as a function of the prior number of cases, the level of testing, and weekly shift variables based on a dynamic panel model that was estimated using the generalized method of moments approach by implementing the Arellano-Bond estimator in R. RESULTS: New COVID-19 cases slightly decreased from 158,741 (week 1, January 4-10, 2021) to 152,064 (week 2, January 11-17, 2021), and cumulative cases increased from 22,507,271 (week 1) to 23,890,761 (week 2), with a weekly increase of 1,383,490 between January 10 and January 17. France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom had the largest 7-day moving averages for new cases during week 1. During week 2, the 7-day moving average for France and Spain increased. From week 1 to week 2, the speed decreased (37.72 to 33.02 per 100,000), acceleration decreased (0.39 to -0.16 per 100,000), and jerk increased (-1.30 to 1.37 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: The United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal, in particular, are at risk for a rapid expansion in COVID-19 transmission. An examination of the European region suggests that there was a decrease in the COVID-19 caseload between January 4 and January 17, 2021. Unfortunately, the rates of jerk, which were negative for Europe at the beginning of the month, reversed course and became positive, despite decreases in speed and acceleration. Finally, the 7-day persistence rate was higher during week 2 than during week 1. These measures indicate that the second wave of the pandemic may be subsiding, but some countries remain at risk for new outbreaks and increased transmission in the absence of rapid policy responses.

Modern tax Havens: the Experience of European Countries

This paper aims to assess the European tax havens in terms of corporate financial misconduct risks. The study relies on an index method developed by a group of economists belonging to the international non-governmental organization - the Tax Justice Network. The method allowed the authors to calculate the Corporate Tax Harbor Index (CTHI) and determine the role of a particular jurisdiction in global corporate financial misconduct risks. The study established a ranking of European tax havens and jurisdictions with features of tax havens and classified these tax havens based on corporate financial misconduct risks. The study found that European tax havens and tax haven jurisdictions accounted for nearly 40% of global corporate financial misuse risks in 2020. The classification of European tax havens according to corporate financial misconduct risks demonstrated that the Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK, Ireland, and Luxembourg accounted for more than half of the risks. The shares of Liechtenstein (1%), Monaco (1%), Andorra, and San Marino (less than 1%) did not exceed 3% of the European share of the global risk. The results show the need for adjustments to the regulatory policy of international organizations currently focused on fighting classic tax havens. Their real share of global misuse risks is very small compared to the share of 'gray cardinals' of the offshore market.

Forecasting Covid-19 New Cases in Andorra

Since December 2019, the whole world has been incrementally invaded and tormented by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this research article, the ANN technique was applied to analyze COVID-19 daily cases in Andorra. This study is based on daily new cases of COVID-19 in Andorra for the period 1 January 2020 – 25 March 2021. The out-of-sample forecast covers the period 26 March 2021 – 31 July 2021. The residuals and forecast evaluation criteria (Error, MSE and MAE) of the applied model apparently tell us that the model is stable in forecasting COVID-19 cases in the country. The results of the study indicate that daily COVID-19 cases in Andorra are likely to decline to zero around mid April 2021. Just like the rest of the world;Andorra ought to resort to prevention and control measures such as social distancing, wearing of masks, travel restrictions, quarantine, isolation, testing and tracing and so on, alongside vaccination.

Mass SARS-CoV-2 serological screening, a population-based study in the Principality of Andorra.

BACKGROUND: Andorra is a small country located in the Pyrenees attracting millions of visitors for tourism, mostly associated with skiing, and nature-related activities. As its neighbouring countries, Spain and France, it has been heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the entire country by universal serological testing under a lockdown environment. METHODS: A total of 77,543 inhabitants of Andorra were invited to participate in the study. From 4-28 May, 2020, two cross sectional serological surveys were conducted using a rapid serological test (nCOV IgG/IgM) on a finger prick blood sample in 59 drive-through or walk-through checkpoints, all over Andorra. We calculated seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and analysed the main sociodemographic factors associated with being seropositive. FINDINGS: 70,494 inhabitants (90.9% of the population) participated in at least one survey. Overall seroprevalence was 11.0%. The most affected age groups were those over 90 years old (15.2%) and 80-89 (13.8%), followed by adults 50-59 (13.6%) and adolescents 10-19 (13.7%). Most seropositive participants, 6,061 (95.1%), were asymptomatic before the surveys. The multivariable analysis showed that the odds of being seropositive was higher among seasonal workers (OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.07-5.45) or in the population living in La Massana region, a popular ski-related area (OR 2.66; 95% CI 2.44-2.89). A higher seroprevalence was observed in those familiar nuclei with greater numbers of cohabitants: 18% in families with 6 household members or more; 13% in medium size families (3/4/5 people) and 12% in small size (1 to 2 people) nuclei. INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the population of Andorra was high during the first wave of the pandemic. Seasonal workers and inhabitants based in La Massana presented a higher seroprevalence. Mass antibody screening allows to identify infection hotspots and should contribute to the design of tailored interventions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Andorra. FUNDING: Andorran Ministry of Health, Andorran Health Services.